A League Of Nations

A League Of Nations The First World War (1914-1918) caused horrible slaughter and destruction in the countries of Europe and Asia. It produced a horror of war and created an idea to set up an international organization which would prevent the outbreaks of wars in the future. As a result of such ideas, and as a result of such discussion in the Peace Conference in Paris, in 1919, an agreement was reached by the victorious governments to set up an international body to be called the League of Nations. An agreement was entered into for this purpose. It was called the covenant of League of Nations. The covenant described the purposes, the constitution and functions of the League of Nations. On January 10, 1920, the League of Nations was formally established, with Geneva, in Switzerland, as its headquarters. History of League of Nations: The league did not live long. After a period of nearly 20 years, it ceased to exist, when the Second World War broke out. The membership of the League of Nations varied from time to time. At first it consisted of 42 member states, for example, England, France, Japan and other. Germany was excluded because she started the war. Russia was not allowed to join it, because it did not serve her isolationist policy. After the failure of the league to check Italian and Japanese aggressions and conquests in 1935 and in 1937, it was practically dead. The outbreak of the World War two put an end to the existence of the league. Aims of the League: The covenant of the league declared that the aims or purposes of the league were three: namely To preserve peace in the world To settle international disputes by peaceful methods and not by war To promote cooperation among the peoples and nations of the world, so as to increase welfare and prosperity of these nations. League Structure: The machinery of the league consisted of an assembly, a council, and a secretariat. Before World War II (1939-1945), the assembly convened regularly at Geneva in September; it was composed of three representatives for every member state, each state having one vote. The council met at least three times each year to consider political disputes and reduction of armaments; it was composed of several permanent members, France, Britain, Italy, Japan, and later Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and several nonpermanent members elected by the assembly. The decisions of the council had to be unanimous. The secretariat was the administrative branch of the league and consisted of a secretary general and a staff of 500 people. Several other bodies were allied with the league, such as the Permanent Court of International Justice, called the World Court, and the International Labor Organization. Members of League of Nation: The Countries Involved In The League of Nations Are As Follows: Abyssinia Afghanistan Argentina Belgium Bolivia British Empire separate membership for: United Kingdom Australia Canada India New Zealand Union of South Africa Bulgaria China Colombia Cuba Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Greece Iraq Iran Irish Free State Latvia Liberia Lithuania Mexico Netherlands Norway Panama Poland Portugal Thailand Turkey Sweden Switzerland Uruguay Yugoslavia V -LEGACY Never truly effective as a peacekeeping organization, the lasting importance of the League of Nations lies in the fact that it provided the groundwork for the UN. This international alliance, formed after World War II, not only profited by the mistakes of the League of Nations but borrowed much of the organizational machinery of the league. The Rise of League of Nation When League of Nations came into being, it did so much work and rose day by day. Some of its achievements by rising are as following: Settlement of Disputes: The League quickly proved its value by settling the Swedish-Finnish dispute over the Ã…land Islands (1920-21), guaranteeing the security of Albania (1921), rescuing Austria from economic disaster, settling the division of Upper Silesia (1922), and preventing the outbreak of war in the Balkans between Greece and Bulgaria (1925). In addition, the League extended considerable aid to refugees; it helped to suppress white slave and opium traffic; it did pioneering work in surveys of health; it extended financial aid to needy states; and it furthered international cooperation in labor relations and many other fields. Try to prevent the outbreak of another war: The league tried to prevent the outbreak, by outlawing war as an instrument of national policy of the sovereign state. An agreement not to resort to war by all great powers of the world was entered into, called the Locarno pact. Social and Humanitarian Achievemnt: The league of nations had several social and humanitarian achievements to its credit. Its health committee endeavored to fight against such cruel diseases all over the world, as malaria, cancer, syphilis, T.B and others. Further, the league had also controlled the trade and sale of such injurious things as opium. The Geneva agreement of 1925 proved that the retail, sale, import and distribution of opism shall be the monopoly of the states. Another committee of the league, called the permanent committee on arts and letters, performed two services, namely, it conserved the masterpieces of arts and letters and promoted intellectual cooperation. The league dealt with the important questions of labor and of the relations between the workers and employers. These functions were performed by the international labor organization (I.L.O). It is one of the bodies which has survived the league. Membership: The League grew in its membership, from 42 in 1920 to over 60 by 1929. More countries were showing commitment to the principle of peace-keeping. Peace-keeping Successes: During the first ten years of its existence, the league had several achievements to its credit. It settled several international disputes between states and nations and thus prevented the outbreak of war between them. During its twenty years of existence, the league settled thirteen political disputes. Among them the first important dispute was a quarrel between Italy and Greece over the island of Corfu in 1923. The quarrel was amicably settled by the intervention of the league. The second serious dispute was between Greece and Bulgaria over their boundaries in 1924. Both countries were about to fight but the dispute settled by the league peacefully. Improved Relations with Germany: League increasingly seen as a peace-keeping organization rather than a winners club, Germany was allowed to join the League in 1926. Fall OF LEAGUE OF NATIONS The success of League of Nations can be judge on the basis of its handling disputes and international conflicts incidents. The authenticity of any organization can be checked by its utility of solving political and social issues. During 1920s League provided a useful but modest addition to international diplomacy where round of negotiations and diplomatic relations develop. Stress was made on sitting together of nations for the settlement of disputes. Security was provided to frontiers and problems of Disarmaments were solved. but unfortunately League was helping and solving matters of minor states because of influence of BIG POWERS on world League failed to implement its will on them which gave a true picture of its contradiction of covenant. League failed in its main object of maintaining peace in the world. In spite of its efforts for two decades , the whole world was involved in a war in 1939. By that time, the machinery of the League Of Nations had completely broken down. The failure of League Of Nations can be attributed to many causes. They are: 1. Absence Of Great Powers : It was unfortunate that the covenant of the League of Nations was made a part parcel of the peace settlement. It would have been better if it had kept separate. There were many states which consider the Treaty Of Versailles as a treaty of revenge, and were not prepared to ratify the same. By not ratifying the treaty, they refused to be the members of the League. The absence of the great powers from the international organization weakened her and was partly responsible for its ultimate failure. Japan, Germany and Italy also left the League and their defection must have weakened the League. 2. Domination Of France and England: It was felt that the League Of Nations was dominated by England and France and consequently the other states began to lose their confidence in that organization. 3. Rise of Dictatorship: The rise of dictatorship in Italy, Japan and Germany also weakened the chances of success of the League of Nations. Japan was determined to acquire fresh territories and her unscrupulous patriotism threw to the winds of all principles of international law and morality. If the League was prepared to condone her fault of conquering Manchuria. She was prepared to give up her membership of the League and that is exactly what she actually did. When the League of Nations decided to take action against Italy on account for her aggression in Abyssinia, Italy left the league. In the wake up spreading dictatorship states continued to be the members of the League so long as their national interest were not in any way endangered and sacrificed. 4. Limitations of Legal Methods: The League Of Nations demonstrated the limitations of the legal methods. The League was fairly efficient in structure and probably would have worked if there had existed a realization of a community of interest. Law grows out of public opinion cannot operate in disjunction with it. In the case of League law proposed and opinion disposed. According to Lincoln: Public sentiment is everything. With public sentiment nothing can be fail ; without it nothing can be succeed. 5. Loss of Faith In League: Small nations lost their faith in the effectiveness of The League to save them from any aggression. The principle of collective security was not applied in actual practice. Each state decided to follow her own policy, the principle of security weakened and thus there was nothing to check the aggressive policy of Hitler. 6. Constitutional Defect: The League of Nations failed because of certain constitutional defects. In the cases of disputes brought before the council of the League under Article 11, decisions of the council had to be unanimous in order to adjudge a nation guilty of having violated the covenant by resort to war or unjustifiable aggression, In Article 15. If the decisions were not unanimous verdict under Article 11, the disputing parties were free to resume the hostilities after a period of 3 months. By allowing exceptions, the covenant seemed to assume that was remained the normal solution of international disputes. 7. Narrow Nationalism: Narrow nationalism was still the dominant among the peoples of the world. France was increasingly concerned with her national security, while Great Britain considered that problem less urgent than promoting commerce by fostering international trade. Japan intoxicated by her emergence as a world power, while Italy was desperate to redress her damage. Germany was indulged to retain her national prestige even at the cost of an aggressive military adventure. 8. Lack Of Mutual Co-Operation: The member of the league lack mutual co-operation which is always essential for the success of an organization. For France the League was an instrument for providing her security from Germany. On the other hand Great Britain wanted League protecting her imperialist interest. Hitler found League a great hurdle on the way of rise of Germany. 9. Separate Lines of Thoughts: The League was the offspring of a marriage of two separate lines of thoughts. In one of these which were developed my Mr. Taft and others in the U.S. The stress was on organized forces. There has to be League of enforced peace On the other hand the British attitude was extremely hesitant in its approach to the nation as enforced peace. If the fourteen points of Woodrow Wilson are consulted we find that a general association of nation is projected for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity In its proposal the world peace is not mentioned and international co-operation is restricted to one limited object. These two inconsistent principles were incorporated in the fabric of the League itself and no wonder it failed. 10. The Depression undermined the League: The League was weakened by the Great Depression that swept the world after 1929. At a time of economic crisis governments were less interested in what happened in faraway places. Japan and Italy were able to invade other countries without being punished effectively by the League. 11. Manchurian Crisis: On the night of Sep. 18-19, 1931 some Japanese soldiers making an attempt to blow off the railway line near Mukdan. Japan took full advantage of this minor incident and on the 18th Sep, 1931 she invaded Manchuria and also occupied all Japanese cities north of Mukdan. League of Nations failed to implement sanctions on Japan and on March 27, 1933 Japan decided to withdraw her membership of League of Nation. CONCLUSION: According to most of the thinkers , existence of League Of Nations was at wrong time .Then , all the nations was indulge in the concept of narrow nationalism and sovereignty. Situation would have been much more different had except the concept of Internationalism. It is wrong to believe League Of Nations done nothing, it paved the way of United Nations Organizations.

Furthering My Education Essay

I’m going to talk about going back to school farthing my education. From the time i graduated from high school i always want to go back to school. I never took the time to do so. I would always look into going back to school or talk about going back to school but never took the time to go. Until one day I started working in child care and that moated me to go even more. Going back to school was hard for me because i looked at it as if I didn’t have any money to go to school. I over came all that and went on line to apply for school, and now I am attending Ashford University College. I am going for my Associates in Early Child Hood. Therefore, returning back to school to complete my degree after 7 years was very rational and thinking it out it me and my husband that it was time. We are sometime told that experience is the key to get the perfect job, but I disagree with that, have a degree in that field will help you in and getting that opportunity from a manager or boss will landed you that perfect job. But in years in the workforce I have learned that is not always the case. Employers will sometime use the fact that you don’t have a degree against you and after miss some jobs I really want I refuse to let this happen to me every again. I want from this day forward to be armed with everything that the next candidates have and so I can feel that I belong with them. Today’s workforce is forever growing and in order to land that big jobs or promotion you must be able to compete with other and have extra special things that make you stand out. Experience is very important almost key in some cases, but in my opinion having a college degree will help and will make you very marketable and wanted. Sometimes have a degree or other credential will set you apart from all the other candidates and most of the times that will work in you advantage to land that promotes or dream job. Returning back to school to obtain my degree was pertinent to my future and also my kid because it show them it is never too late to lived your dream or make yourself a better person in social, I tell my kids all the time you just don’t want to be another number. So what that being said and done I want to show my kids so that they can one day follow my footsteps. In my Conclusion The more education I try to achieve, the more income I can earn. My goal of returning to school has been a life time goal. I also do expect to meet the challenges that it will present my decision in returning to school has everything to do with my decisions and goals in life. REFERENCE Wirt, W. (1836). Sketches of the life and character of Patrick Henry, as reproduced in L. Copeland & L. W. Lamm (Eds.), The world’s great speeches. New York: Dover, 1973. Retrieved February 28, 2010, from the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Web site at http://www.history.org/almanack/life/politics/giveme.cfm

Ms Syllabus

Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani Work-Integrated Learning Programmes M. S. Microelectronics at BITS Pilani Professional Development Centre, Bangalore Type of Input | Sponsored employees (with adequate work experience in Microelectronics area) with a First Degree of BITS or its equivalent | Duration| Normally Four Semesters| Special Feature | This is a specially designed programme to meet the Human Resource Development requirements of various collaborating organizations at Bangalore.Structured classes would be held in Bangalore regularly. | Semesterwise Pattern Course No. | Course Title| Units| First Year First Semester| MELTI ZG573MELTI ZG512MELTI ZG511MELTI ZG631| Digital Signal ProcessingEmbedded System DesignDesign & Analysis of AlgorithmsPhysics & Modelling of Microelectronics Devices| 3455| First Year Second Semester| MELTI ZG621MELTI ZG632MELTI ZG641MELTI ZG611| VLSI DesignAnalog IC Design CAD for IC DesignIC Fabrication Technology| 5555| Second Year First Semest er|MELTI ZG642MELTI ZG531MELTI ZG625MELTI ZG651| VLSI ArchitectureTestability for VLSI Advanced Analog and Mixed Signal Design Hardware Software Co-Design| 4554| Second Year Second Semester| MELTI ZG629T| Dissertation| 20| Note: This is the currently operative pattern as approved by the Senate-appointed committee, subject to change if the situation warrants. Fee Schedule Application Processing Fees Rs. 800/-, Admission Fees Rs. 10000/-, Each Semester Fees Rs. 17500/-, Each Semester BITS Professional Development Centre Membership Fees Rs. 2500/-. Course Descriptions MELTI ZG511 Design & Analysis of Algorithms 5 Design techniques such as divide-and-conquer, recursion, backtracking, branch-and-bound, simulation; Analysis in terms of average level and worst level efficiency; Relationship to appropriate data structures; Illustrations dealing with problems in computer science, graph theory and mathematics; Computational complexity and bounds; NP-hard and NP-complete problems. MELTI ZG512 Embedded Systems Design 4Introduction to embedded systems; embedded architectures: Architectures and programming of microcontrollers and DSPs. Embedded applications and technologies; power issues in system design; introduction to software and hardware co-design. MELTI ZG531 Testability for VLSI 5 BIST, boundary sean, stuck-at faults, test generation algorithms for combinatorial logic circuits and sequential circuits, logic simulation and fault simulation, synthesis for test, built in self test, pseudo-random test techniques, other test methods – IDDQ testing, boundary scan etc.MELTI ZG573 Digital Signal Processing 3 Introduction; design of analog filters; design of digital filters: (IIR and FIR); structures for the realization of digital filters; random signals and random processes; linear estimation and prediction; Wiener filters; DSP processor architecture; DSP algorithms for different applications. MELTI ZG611 IC Fabrication Technology 5 Material properties; Crystal growth and doping; diffusion; oxidation; epitaxy; Ion implantation; Deposition of films using CVD, LPCVD and puttering techniques; Wet and dry etching and cleaning; Lithographic process; Device and circuit fabrication; Process modeling and simulation. MELTI ZG621 VLSI Design 5 Introduction to NMOS and CMOS circuits; NMOS and CMOS processing technology; CMOS circuits and logic design; circuit characterization and performance estimation; Structured design and testing; Symbolic layout systems; CMOS subsystem design; System case studies.MELTI ZG625 Advanced Analog and Mixed Signal Design 5 Design of high speed comparators and Op-amps; analog buffers; different architectures of A/D and D/A converters; analog multipliers and dividers; design of PLLS; design methods for switched capacitor filters sample and hold circuits; mixed signal design issues; noise coupling from substrate and its reduction; cross talk and shielding; analog layout techniques for mixed signal designs. MELTI ZG629T Dissertat ion 20A student registered in this course must take a topic in an area of professional interest drawn from the on the job work requirement which is simultaneously of direct relevance to the degree pursued by the student as well as to the employing / collaborating organization of the student and submit a comprehensive report at the end of the semester working under the overall supervision and guidance of a professional expert who will be deemed as the supervisor for evaluation of all components of the dissertation.Normally the Mentor of the student would be the Dissertation supervisor and in case Mentor is not approved as the supervisor, Mentor may play the role of additional supervisor. The final grades for dissertation are Non-letter grades namely Excellent, Good, Fair and Poor, which do not go into CGPA computation. MELTI ZG631 Physics & Modeling of Microelectronics Devices5 Physics and Properties of semiconductor – a review; PN junction diode; bipolar transistor; Metal-sem iconductor contacts; JFET and MESFET; MOSFET and scaling; CCD and photonic devices.MELTI ZG632 Analog IC Design 5 Basic concepts; BICMOS process and technology; current and voltage sources; Differential and Operational Amplifiers; Multipliers and modulators; phase-lock techniques; D-to-A and A- to-D converters; Micropower circuits; High voltage circuits; Radiation Resistant Circuits; Filter design considerations. MELTI ZG641 CAD for IC Design 5Introduction to VLSI design methodologies and supporting CAD tool environment; Overview of `C', Data structure, Graphics and CIF; Concepts, structures and algorithms of some of the following CAD tools; Schematic editors; Layout editors; Module generators; Silicon compilers; Placement and routing tools; Behavioral, functional, logic and circuit simulators; Aids for test generation and testing. MELTI ZG642 VLSI Architecture 4Overview of CISC processor architectures; Instruction set architecture of CISC processor; hardware flow-charting methods; implementing microprocessor logic from hardware flowcharts; RISC instruction set architecture; pipelined execution of RISC instructions; pipeline execution unit design; control hazards; design of memory hierarchy. MELTI ZG651 Hardware Software Co-Design 4 FPGA and ASIC based design, Low-Power Techniques in RT Embedded Systems On-chip networking. Hardware Software partitioning and scheduling, Co-simulation, synthesis and verifications, Architecture mapping, HW-SW Interfaces and Re-configurable computing.

An Illustrated Guide to 8 Types of Executions